This study examines the public health risks associated with urban water systems in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, with a focus on sanitation sources and the quality of borehole drinking water. It assessed water contamination in recreational swimming areas, flood zones, fecal sites, and open drains, as well as borehole water quality. Data collection involved field surveys, lab tests, and interviews with local health officials, with descriptive statistics used for analysis. The laboratory findings revealed a variety of microbial and parasitic contaminants, such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The most significant levels of pathogens were found in flood and fecal sites, while swimming areas were heavily tainted with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Borehole samples also showed the presence of Microsporidia, Cryptosporidium parvum, and concerningly high levels of Total Suspended Solids and iron, exceeding WHO standards. Many residents rely on untreated borehole water, and survey results indicated a lack of awareness about water treatment. This study highlights the pressing need for improved sanitation infrastructure, better regulation of boreholes, and increased public education on water.